CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life NCERT Solutions

Medicines, including sleeping pills, are designed to have specific effects on the body when taken in prescribed doses. However, if taken in doses higher than recommended, most drugs can produce harmful side effects. In some cases, an overdose can be extremely dangerous and may even lead to death. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a doctor before taking any medication to ensure the correct dosage and avoid potential risks.

The statement "ranitidine is an antacid" refers to the classification of drugs based on their pharmacological effect. An antacid is a type of drug that works by counteracting the effects of excess acid in the stomach. Ranitidine falls into this category because it reduces stomach acidity.

Artificial sweetening agents are required primarily for individuals who need to control their sugar and calorie intake. Many people suffer from health conditions such as diabetes or obesity, where consuming normal sugar (sucrose) can be detrimental. Artificial sweeteners provide a sweet taste without adding significant calories to the diet, making them a suitable alternative for these individuals. Examples include saccharin, aspartame, and alitame.

The preparation of sodium soap from fats or oils is known as saponification. This process involves the hydrolysis of esters of fatty acids (triglycerides) with a strong alkali, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to produce soap (sodium salts of fatty acids) and glycerol.

(i) Preparation of Sodium Palmitate from Glyceryl Palmitate:

Glyceryl palmitate is a triglyceride of palmitic acid. The reaction with sodium hydroxide yields sodium palmitate (soap) and glycerol.

CH_2 - O - \stackrel{||}{C} - C_{15}H_{31} | CH - O - \stackrel{||}{C} - C_{15}H_{31} | CH_2 - O - \stackrel{||}{C} - C_{15}H_{31} + 3NaOH

→Heat

3C_{15}H_{31}COONa

(Sodium Palmitate - Soap) +

CH_2OH | CHOH | CH_2OH (Glycerol)

(ii) Preparation of Sodium Oleate from Glyceryl Oleate:

Glyceryl oleate is a triglyceride of oleic acid. The reaction with sodium hydroxide produces sodium oleate (soap) and glycerol.

CH_2 - O - \stackrel{||}{C} - C_{17}H_{33} | CH - O - \stackrel{||}{C} - C_{17}H_{33} | CH_2 - O - \stackrel{||}{C} - C_{17}H_{33} + 3NaOH

→Heat

3C_{17}H_{33}COONa

(Sodium Oleate - Soap) +

CH_2OH | CHOH | CH_2OH (Glycerol)

Detergents are surfactants that have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. In the given non-ionic detergent molecule:

• The hydrophobic part is the long hydrocarbon chain (e.g., $C\_\{12\}H\_\{25\}$). This part is non-polar and repels water, but it can dissolve in oils and grease.
• The hydrophilic part is the polyoxyethylene chain (e.g., $-(OCH\_2CH\_2)\_nOH$). This part is polar and is attracted to water molecules, allowing the detergent to dissolve in water.

The functional groups present in this molecule are:

• Ether linkages ($-O-$) within the polyoxyethylene chain.
• A terminal hydroxyl group ($-OH$) at the end of the hydrophilic chain.
• The molecule also contains an alkyl chain, which is characteristic of detergents.