These notes for CBSE Class 11 Economics, Chapter 12, cover Economic Reforms Since 1991. They explain the meaning of the new economic policy, which includes Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG). The notes detail the critical need for these reforms, citing reasons like mounting fiscal deficits, adverse balance of payments, the Gulf Crisis, poor performance of Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), rising prices, and a fall in foreign exchange reserves. Key features of the new economic policy are elaborated, including measures for liberalization (like abolishing industrial licensing), privatization (like disinvestment of PSUs), and globalization (like increasing foreign investment limits and reducing tariffs). The positive impacts, such as a vibrant economy and increased foreign exchange reserves, and negative impacts, like neglect of agriculture and cultural erosion, are also discussed. These notes are designed to aid students in understanding and revising the core concepts of economic reforms in India.
Last optimized 10 Aug 2026
(i) Liberalization and its measure
(ii) Privatization and its measure
(iii) Globalization and its measure
4 Positive impact of LPG
5 Negative impact of LPG
Q1.What is economic reforms?
Ans. The new economic policy started by the government since 1991 in order solve the
Economic crisis and to accelerate the rate of economic growth is called Economic Reforms. It is
also known as new economic policy which consists of Liberalization, Privatization and
Globalization (LPG).
Q2.Why there was need for economic reforms?
Ans. 1. Mounting fiscal deficit :
Fiscal deficit of the government had been mounting year after year on continuous increase in
non-development expenditure. Due to persistent rise in fiscal deficit there was corresponding
rise in public debt and interest payment liability there was possibility that the economy might
lead to debt-trap situation. Thus it becomes essential for the government to reduce its nondevelopment
expenditure and restore fiscal discipline in the economy.
2. Adverse balance of payment :When receipts of foreign exchange fall short of their payments,
the problem of adverse balance of payment arises. Despite the restrictive policy adopted by the
government till 1990 import substitution and export promotion the desired result could not be
meet. Our export could not compete in terms of price and quality in the international market. As
a result there was slow growth of export and rapid increase in imports. Accordingly the burden
of foreign debt services increased tremendously and leading to depletion of foreign exchange
reserves.
3.Gulf Crises: On account of Iraq war in 1990-91 prices of petrol shot-up . Besides india used to
receive huge amount of remittances from gulf countries in terms of foreign exchange.
4. Poor performances of PSU’s: Due to poor performances of public sector undertakings degenerated in to a liability. Most of
public sector undertakings were incurring loss and their performance was quiet satisfactory. On
account of these factors, it becomes imperative for the government to adopt new economic
policy or to initiate economic reforms.
5 .Rise in price:Due to rise in prices of food grains there was pressure of inflation Prior to 1991.
Which deepen the economic crisis from bad to worse.
6 .Fall in foreign exchange reserves: In 1990-91 India’s foreign exchange reserves fall to such
a low level that there was not enough to pay for an import bill of even10 days. In such situation
the government had to helplessly resort to policy of liberalization as suggested by the World
Bank.
Q3 what is New Economic Policy? Briefly explain it.
Ans. New Economic Policy refers to adoption of Liberalisation,Privatisation and
Globalization(LPG) which aims at the rendering the economy more efficient, competitive and
developed.
1. Liberalization: It means to free the economy from the direct and physical control imposed by the government.
(i) Abolition of industrial licensing.
(ii) DE reservation of production areas
(iii) Expansion of production capacity
(iv) Freedom to import capital goods
2. Privation: It refers to general process of involving the private sector in the ownership or
management of state owned enterprises. It imply partial or full ownership and management
of public sector enterprises by the private sector.
(i) Contraction of public sector
(ii) Disinvestment of public sector undertaking
(iii) Selling of shares of public enterprises
3. Globalization: It men’s integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other
countries under condition of free flow trade and capital and movement of persons across
borders.
(i) Increase in equity limit of foreign investment
(ii) Partial convertibility of Indian rupees
(iii) Long –term trade policy
(iv) Reduction in tariffs.
Q4. Mention the positive impact of LPG polices
1. a vibrant Economy
2. Stimulant to Industrial production
3. Check on fiscal deficit
4. Check on inflation
5. Improvement in consumers sovereignty
6. A substantial increase in foreign exchange reserves.
7. Flow of private foreign investment.
8. India as an emerging economic power
9. Shift from monopoly market to competitive market
Q5. Mention the negative impact of LPG polices.
1. Neglect of agriculture
2. Urban concentration of growth process
3. Economic colonialism
4. Spread of consumerism
5. Lopsided growth process
6. Cultural erosion
Economic Reforms, also known as the New Economic Policy, refer to the measures of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) initiated by the government since 1991 to address economic crises and accelerate growth.
The need arose due to a mounting fiscal deficit, adverse balance of payments, depletion of foreign exchange reserves, poor performance of PSUs, and rising inflation.
Liberalization means freeing the economy from government controls and regulations, such as abolishing industrial licensing and allowing freedom to import capital goods.
Privatization involves transferring ownership and management of state-owned enterprises to the private sector, through measures like disinvestment and selling shares.
Globalization is the integration of a country's economy with other economies worldwide, characterized by free flow of trade, capital, and movement of people, with measures like increasing foreign investment limits and reducing tariffs.
Positive impacts include a more vibrant economy, stimulated industrial production, a check on fiscal deficit and inflation, improved consumer sovereignty, and a substantial increase in foreign exchange reserves.
Negative impacts include the neglect of agriculture, urban concentration of growth, spread of consumerism, and potential cultural erosion.
Copyright @ ncerthelp.com A free educational website for CBSE, ICSE and UP board.
