CBSE Class 11 Economics, Chapter 16, covers Employment Growth, Information, and Other Issues. This chapter defines essential terms such as 'worker', 'labour force', and 'work force', and differentiates between wage employment, regular workers, and casual workers. It examines people's participation in employment, analyzing worker-population ratios across different regions. The notes also look at how employment is distributed between genders and across various sectors, considering the differences between rural and urban areas. Furthermore, the chapter explores the connection between employment growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It highlights significant shifts in the Indian workforce's structure, such as casualization and informalization. The distinction between the formal/organized and informal/unorganized sectors is also clarified. These notes aim to offer a comprehensive understanding of employment dynamics, aiding in effective exam preparation.
Last optimized 10 Aug 2026
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts
a. Meaning of worker
b. Labour force and work force
c. Meaning of employment
d. Wage employment
e. Regular workers(Regular Salaried employees)
f. Casual Workers
3. Participation of people in employment
a. Worker-population ration on the basis of region
b. Distribution of employment by gender
c. Distributions of employment by region
d. Distributions of employment in different sectors
e. Distributions of rural-urban employment in different sectors
4. Growth of employment and Gross Domestic Product(GDP)
5. Changing structure of employment
a. Casualization of work force.
6. Informalisation of Indian workforce
a. Formal or Organized sector.
b. Informal or unorganized sector.
Worker: A worker is an individual who is involved in some productive activities to earn a
living.
Who and all included in workers?
It is not only people those who are paid workers also includes self-employed people like
shopkeepers, barbers, cobblers etc.. Workers include all those people who are engaged in work
whether for others (paid workers or self-employed)
Difference between labour force and work force?
All persons, who are working (who have a job) and though not working, are
seeking and are available for work, are dram to be in the labour force.
1 Mark Questions:-
Q 1) Who is worker?
A 1) A worker is an individual, who is involved in some productive activity, to earn a living.
Q 2) Why do people work?
A 2) People work for earning a living which helps them and their families to survive.
Q 3) Who all are included in labour force?
A 3) All persons, who are working (have job) and though not working, are seeking and are
available for work, are deemed to be in the labour force.
Q 4) Give the meaning of work force.
A 4) The number of persons, who are actually employed at a particular time are known as work
force.
Q 5) Define worker – population ratio.
A 5) Worker- population ration is the percentage of total population engaged in work.
Q 6) what is meant by labour force participation rate?
A 6) The ratio of labour force to total participation is called labour force participation rate.
Q 7) What is information of workforce?
A 7) Informalisation of workforce refers to a situation whereby the proportion of workforce in
the informal sector to total workforce increases.
Q 8) Are the following workers- a beggar, a thief, a smuggler, a gambler? Why?
A 8) No, They are not workers because they are not doing any productive activity.
Q 9) Compared to urban women, more rural women are found working. Why?
A 9) More rural women are found working because of their poor economic condition as
compared to urban women.
Q 10) Why does rural work force migrate to urban areas during some part of the year?
A 10) people in rural areas are engaged mostly in agriculture, which is a seasonal activity. So,
rural workforce migrates to urban areas during some part of the year.
Q 11) why are regular salaried employees more in urban areas than in rural areas?
A 11) Regular salaried employees are more in urban areas as considerable section of urban
people are able to study in various educational institution and it enables them to look for an
appropriate job to suit their qualifications and skills. However, in rural areas, most of the people
are illiterate and lack skills, which are needed for regular Employment.
Q 12) What is meant by Employment?
A 12) Employment is an activity which enables a person to earn means of living.
Q 13) Who is a Casual Wage Labourer?
A 13) Workers who are not hired by their Employers on a regular or permanent basis (i.e. do not
have job security) and do not get social security benefits, are termed as casual wage labour.
Q 14) Define jobless growth?
A 14) Jobless growth refers to a situation when the Economy is able to produce more goods and
service without a proportionate increase in Employment opportunities.
Q 15) Who are regular workers?
A 15) Workers who are hired by their employers on a permanent basis and also get social
security benefits (like pension, provident fund, etc.) are higher in regular workers.
Q 16) Why is the Self – Employed work force higher in rural areas?
A 16) In case of rural areas, Self Employed Workers are greater as majority of rural people are
engaged in farming on their own plots of land.
Q 17) What is meant by Casualisation of work force?
A 17) The process of moving from Self- Employment and regular salaried employment to casual
wage work is known as Casualisation of Workforce.
Q 18) Name the two kinds of urban unemployment.
A 18) 1. Industrial unemployment
Q 19) What do you mean by industrial unemployment?
A 19) It refers to the unemployment among the illiterates who wish to work in industrial
establishment
Q 20) Give the meaning of educated unemployment.
A 20) Educated unemployment refers to the unemployment among the Educated people.
Q 21) What is meant by wage employment?
A 21) An arrangement in which a worker sells his labour and earns wages in return.
Q 22) Men are found in greater proportion than women in regular salaried employment. Why?
A 22) Rural unemployment is of two types:-
1. Disguised unemployment
2. Seasonal unemployment
Q 23) What is meant by seasonal unemployment?
A 23) Unemployment that occurs at certain seasons of the year is known as Seasonal
unemployment.
Q 24) Give the meaning of disguised unemployment.
A 24) Disguised unemployment refers to a state in which more people are engaged in work than
are really needed.
Q 25) What do you mean by full employment?
A 25) Full employment refers to a situation in which all the workers who are capable of working
and willing to work get an Employment in prevailing wage rates.
Q 26) Why do we differentiate between Economic activity and production activity?
A 26) We differentiate between Economic activity and production activity to calculate the
number of workers. People engaged only in production Economic activities are to be included in
the category of workers.
Q 27) Give the meaning of self-employment.
A 27) An arrangement in which a worker used his own resources, to make a living is knowing as
self-employment.
Q 28) What do you mean by formal sector establishment?
A 28) All the public enterprises and private establishments, which Employ 10 or more hired
workers are called formal sector establishments.
Q 29) What do you mean by Informal sector Establishment?
A 29) All those private enterprises which hire less than 10 workers are called Informal sectors.
Eg: Workers who work in farms, owners of Small Enterprises, Agriculture labourers. Here they
do not get regular income. No protection or regulation by government can be dismissed at any
time. Live in slums, use outdated technology, do not maintain accounts.
Q 30) What is meant by frictional unemployment? A 30) Temporary unemployment, which exists during the period, wherein. Workers leave one
role and join some other, are called frictional unemployment.
People those who are not working and are neither seeking nor available for work are consider tobe outside the labour force.
Labour force = Person’s working + Persons seeking & available for work.
After 66 years & below 15 years not included labour force. A handicapped person not included.
People those who are not interested not included. People are not available not included.
The number persons who are actually employed at a particular time are known as
work force.
•What is the labour force participation rate?
The ratio of labour force to total population is called labour force participation rate.
•How can we calculate number of unemployed people?
Unemployed people = labour force – Work force.
Employment is an activity which enables a person to earn his means of living.
Full employment
Full employment is a situation in which all the workers who are capable of working and willing
to work get an employment at a prevailing wage rate.
When the worker uses his own resources to work and make a living then we call it as Self
Employment.
Q.31) What is worker population ratio? How do we calculate Worker population ratio? What is
its use?
Ans: WPR refers to participation of people in the employment. It is measured by calculating
Total number of workers in India
WPR = _________________________ x 100
No. of work population In India
It helps in knowing the proportion of population that is actively contributing to the production of
goods and services of a country.
1. Increase in Money Supply 2. Deficit Financing 3. Rise in Population 4. Fall in Production 5. Increase in Wages 6. Administrated Prices 7. Inflation Across the Border’s 8. Indirect Tax 9. Credit Expansion 10. Black Money
1. Inflation Hinders the process of growth 2. Adverse effect on the people with fixed Income 3. Increase in the cost of Projects 4. Adverse Impact on Balance of Payments 5. Wage-Price spiral 6. Inequality 7. Economic Stagnation 8. Impact on FDI 9. Speculation and Hoarding
1. Price Control of Essential Goods. 2. Procurement Price and Support Price
1. A Check on the supply of Money 2. Increase in rate of Interest 3. Decrease in the supply of Credit
1. A check on public Expenditure 2. Public Debt 3. Increase in Taxes 4. Surplus Budget Policy
1. Check on Supply of Money
2. Check on Deficit Financing
3. Increase in agricultural Output
4. Tax on Agricultural Income
5. Distribution through fair Price Shops
A worker is an individual involved in productive activities to earn a living, including both paid employees and self-employed individuals.
The labour force includes all persons working and those seeking or available for work. The work force comprises only those persons who are actually employed at a particular time.
Casual wage labourers are hired on a non-permanent basis without job security or social security benefits.
Jobless growth occurs when an economy produces more goods and services without a proportional increase in employment opportunities.
The informal sector includes private enterprises that hire fewer than 10 workers, often characterized by irregular income and lack of government protection.
Rural women often work due to poorer economic conditions compared to urban women.
Casualization of the workforce is the process where more people move from self-employment or regular salaried jobs to casual wage work.
Copyright @ ncerthelp.com A free educational website for CBSE, ICSE and UP board.
